Use of handheld X-ray fluorescence as a non-invasive method to distinguish between Asian and African elephant tusks
Identifieur interne : 000000 ( Main/Exploration ); suivant : 000001Use of handheld X-ray fluorescence as a non-invasive method to distinguish between Asian and African elephant tusks
Auteurs : Kittisak Buddhachat [Thaïlande] ; Chatchote Thitaram [Thaïlande] ; Janine L. Brown [États-Unis] ; Sarisa Klinhom [Thaïlande] ; Pakkanut Bansiddhi [Thaïlande] ; Kitichaya Penchart [Thaïlande] ; Kanita Ouitavon [Thaïlande] ; Khanittha Sriaksorn [Thaïlande] ; Chalermpol Pa-In [Thaïlande] ; Budsabong Kanchanasaka [Thaïlande] ; Chaleamchat Somgird [Thaïlande] ; Korakot Nganvongpanit [Thaïlande]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
We describe the use of handheld X-ray fluorescence, for elephant tusk species identification. Asian (n = 72) and African (n = 85) elephant tusks were scanned and we utilized the species differences in elemental composition to develop a functional model differentiating between species with high precision. Spatially, the majority of measured elements (n = 26) exhibited a homogeneous distribution in cross-section, but a more heterologous pattern in the longitudinal direction. Twenty-one of twenty four elements differed between Asian and African samples. Data were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis followed by a stepwise discriminant analysis, which identified elements for the functional equation. The best equation consisted of ratios of Si, S, Cl, Ti, Mn, Ag, Sb and W, with Zr as the denominator. Next, Bayesian binary regression model analysis was conducted to predict the probability that a tusk would be of African origin. A cut-off value was established to improve discrimination. This Bayesian hybrid classification model was then validated by scanning an additional 30 Asian and 41 African tusks, which showed high accuracy (94%) and precision (95%) rates. We conclude that handheld XRF is an accurate, non-invasive method to discriminate origin of elephant tusks provides rapid results applicable to use in the field.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep24845
PubMed: 27097717
PubMed Central: 4838944
Affiliations:
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strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ouitavon, Kanita" sort="Ouitavon, Kanita" uniqKey="Ouitavon K" first="Kanita" last="Ouitavon">Kanita Ouitavon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>DNP Wildlife Forensic Science Unit (DNP-WIFOS), Wildlife Research Division, Wildlife Conservation Office, Department of National Parks</institution>, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. 61 Phaholyothin Rd., Chatuchak Bangkok 10900<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sriaksorn, Khanittha" sort="Sriaksorn, Khanittha" uniqKey="Sriaksorn K" first="Khanittha" last="Sriaksorn">Khanittha Sriaksorn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>DNP Wildlife Forensic Science Unit (DNP-WIFOS), Wildlife Research Division, Wildlife Conservation Office, Department of National Parks</institution>, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. 61 Phaholyothin Rd., Chatuchak Bangkok 10900<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pa In, Chalermpol" sort="Pa In, Chalermpol" uniqKey="Pa In C" first="Chalermpol" last="Pa-In">Chalermpol Pa-In</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Wildlife Research Division, Wildlife Conservation Office, Department of National Parks</institution>, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. 61 Phaholyothin Rd., Chatuchak Bangkok 10900<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanchanasaka, Budsabong" sort="Kanchanasaka, Budsabong" uniqKey="Kanchanasaka B" first="Budsabong" last="Kanchanasaka">Budsabong Kanchanasaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Wildlife Research Division, Wildlife Conservation Office, Department of National Parks</institution>, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. 61 Phaholyothin Rd., Chatuchak Bangkok 10900<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Somgird, Chaleamchat" sort="Somgird, Chaleamchat" uniqKey="Somgird C" first="Chaleamchat" last="Somgird">Chaleamchat Somgird</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University</institution>, Chiang Mai 50100,<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nganvongpanit, Korakot" sort="Nganvongpanit, Korakot" 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handheld X-ray fluorescence as a non-invasive method to distinguish between Asian and African elephant tusks</title><author><name sortKey="Buddhachat, Kittisak" sort="Buddhachat, Kittisak" uniqKey="Buddhachat K" first="Kittisak" last="Buddhachat">Kittisak Buddhachat</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Animal Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University</institution>, Chiang Mai 50100,<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thitaram, Chatchote" sort="Thitaram, Chatchote" uniqKey="Thitaram C" first="Chatchote" last="Thitaram">Chatchote Thitaram</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University</institution>, Chiang Mai 50100,<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Maesa Elephant camp</institution>, 119/9, Tapae Road, Muang, Chiang Mai 50100,<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Janine L" sort="Brown, Janine L" uniqKey="Brown J" first="Janine L." last="Brown">Janine L. Brown</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival</institution>, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klinhom, Sarisa" sort="Klinhom, Sarisa" uniqKey="Klinhom S" first="Sarisa" last="Klinhom">Sarisa Klinhom</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University</institution>, Chiang Mai 50100,<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bansiddhi, Pakkanut" sort="Bansiddhi, Pakkanut" uniqKey="Bansiddhi P" first="Pakkanut" last="Bansiddhi">Pakkanut Bansiddhi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University</institution>, Chiang Mai 50100,<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Penchart, Kitichaya" sort="Penchart, Kitichaya" uniqKey="Penchart K" first="Kitichaya" last="Penchart">Kitichaya Penchart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>DNP Wildlife Forensic Science Unit (DNP-WIFOS), Wildlife Research Division, Wildlife Conservation Office, Department of National Parks</institution>, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. 61 Phaholyothin Rd., Chatuchak Bangkok 10900<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ouitavon, Kanita" sort="Ouitavon, Kanita" uniqKey="Ouitavon K" first="Kanita" last="Ouitavon">Kanita Ouitavon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>DNP Wildlife Forensic Science Unit (DNP-WIFOS), Wildlife Research Division, Wildlife Conservation Office, Department of National Parks</institution>, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. 61 Phaholyothin Rd., Chatuchak Bangkok 10900<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sriaksorn, Khanittha" sort="Sriaksorn, Khanittha" uniqKey="Sriaksorn K" first="Khanittha" last="Sriaksorn">Khanittha Sriaksorn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>DNP Wildlife Forensic Science Unit (DNP-WIFOS), Wildlife Research Division, Wildlife Conservation Office, Department of National Parks</institution>, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. 61 Phaholyothin Rd., Chatuchak Bangkok 10900<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pa In, Chalermpol" sort="Pa In, Chalermpol" uniqKey="Pa In C" first="Chalermpol" last="Pa-In">Chalermpol Pa-In</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Wildlife Research Division, Wildlife Conservation Office, Department of National Parks</institution>, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. 61 Phaholyothin Rd., Chatuchak Bangkok 10900<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanchanasaka, Budsabong" sort="Kanchanasaka, Budsabong" uniqKey="Kanchanasaka B" first="Budsabong" last="Kanchanasaka">Budsabong Kanchanasaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Wildlife Research Division, Wildlife Conservation Office, Department of National Parks</institution>, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. 61 Phaholyothin Rd., Chatuchak Bangkok 10900<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Somgird, Chaleamchat" sort="Somgird, Chaleamchat" uniqKey="Somgird C" first="Chaleamchat" last="Somgird">Chaleamchat Somgird</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University</institution>, Chiang Mai 50100,<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nganvongpanit, Korakot" sort="Nganvongpanit, Korakot" uniqKey="Nganvongpanit K" first="Korakot" last="Nganvongpanit">Korakot Nganvongpanit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Animal Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University</institution>, Chiang Mai 50100,<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University</institution>, Chiang Mai 50100,<country>Thailand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We describe the use of handheld X-ray fluorescence, for elephant tusk species identification. Asian (n = 72) and African (n = 85) elephant tusks were scanned and we utilized the species differences in elemental composition to develop a functional model differentiating between species with high precision. Spatially, the majority of measured elements (n = 26) exhibited a homogeneous distribution in cross-section, but a more heterologous pattern in the longitudinal direction. Twenty-one of twenty four elements differed between Asian and African samples. Data were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis followed by a stepwise discriminant analysis, which identified elements for the functional equation. The best equation consisted of ratios of Si, S, Cl, Ti, Mn, Ag, Sb and W, with Zr as the denominator. Next, Bayesian binary regression model analysis was conducted to predict the probability that a tusk would be of African origin. A cut-off value was established to improve discrimination. This Bayesian hybrid classification model was then validated by scanning an additional 30 Asian and 41 African tusks, which showed high accuracy (94%) and precision (95%) rates. We conclude that handheld XRF is an accurate, non-invasive method to discriminate origin of elephant tusks provides rapid results applicable to use in the field.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wittemyer, G" uniqKey="Wittemyer G">G. Wittemyer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Underwood, F M" uniqKey="Underwood F">F. M. Underwood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burn, R W" uniqKey="Burn R">R. W. Burn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milliken, T" uniqKey="Milliken T">T. Milliken</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burn, R W" uniqKey="Burn R">R. W. Burn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Underwood, F M" uniqKey="Underwood F">F. M. 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X Meng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Thaïlande</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="Thaïlande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Buddhachat, Kittisak" sort="Buddhachat, Kittisak" uniqKey="Buddhachat K" first="Kittisak" last="Buddhachat">Kittisak Buddhachat</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bansiddhi, Pakkanut" sort="Bansiddhi, Pakkanut" uniqKey="Bansiddhi P" first="Pakkanut" last="Bansiddhi">Pakkanut Bansiddhi</name><name sortKey="Kanchanasaka, Budsabong" sort="Kanchanasaka, Budsabong" uniqKey="Kanchanasaka B" first="Budsabong" last="Kanchanasaka">Budsabong Kanchanasaka</name><name sortKey="Klinhom, Sarisa" sort="Klinhom, Sarisa" uniqKey="Klinhom S" first="Sarisa" last="Klinhom">Sarisa Klinhom</name><name sortKey="Nganvongpanit, Korakot" sort="Nganvongpanit, Korakot" uniqKey="Nganvongpanit K" first="Korakot" last="Nganvongpanit">Korakot Nganvongpanit</name><name sortKey="Nganvongpanit, Korakot" sort="Nganvongpanit, Korakot" uniqKey="Nganvongpanit K" first="Korakot" last="Nganvongpanit">Korakot Nganvongpanit</name><name sortKey="Ouitavon, Kanita" sort="Ouitavon, Kanita" uniqKey="Ouitavon K" first="Kanita" last="Ouitavon">Kanita Ouitavon</name><name sortKey="Pa In, Chalermpol" sort="Pa In, Chalermpol" uniqKey="Pa In C" first="Chalermpol" last="Pa-In">Chalermpol Pa-In</name><name sortKey="Penchart, Kitichaya" sort="Penchart, Kitichaya" uniqKey="Penchart K" first="Kitichaya" last="Penchart">Kitichaya Penchart</name><name sortKey="Somgird, Chaleamchat" sort="Somgird, Chaleamchat" uniqKey="Somgird C" first="Chaleamchat" last="Somgird">Chaleamchat Somgird</name><name sortKey="Sriaksorn, Khanittha" sort="Sriaksorn, Khanittha" uniqKey="Sriaksorn K" first="Khanittha" last="Sriaksorn">Khanittha Sriaksorn</name><name sortKey="Thitaram, Chatchote" sort="Thitaram, Chatchote" uniqKey="Thitaram C" first="Chatchote" last="Thitaram">Chatchote Thitaram</name><name sortKey="Thitaram, Chatchote" sort="Thitaram, Chatchote" uniqKey="Thitaram C" first="Chatchote" last="Thitaram">Chatchote Thitaram</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Brown, Janine L" sort="Brown, Janine L" uniqKey="Brown J" first="Janine L." last="Brown">Janine L. 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